CHARACTERISATION AND APPLICATION OF NATIVE AND CROSS-LINKED CASHEW (Anacardium occidentale L.) GUM IN TABLETTING
- Project Research
- 1-5 Chapters
- Abstract : Available
- Table of Content: Available
- Reference Style: APA
- Recommended for : Student Researchers
- NGN 3000
ABSTRACT
The exudate from cashew tree, referred to as cashew gum (CG) had been investigated for use as binder in conventional tablet formulations. In this study, cross-linked derivatives of the gum were synthesized and investigated for their physicochemical and physicotechnical properties and applicability in modifying drug release in tablet formulations. The crude dried latexes of CG were purified by extraction using acetone. Two cross-linked derivatives of the gum were synthesized by heating (a), a 1:1 weight ratio of CG and citric acid (CTR) at 140 oC for 30 min and (b), a 1:1:1 weight ratio of CG, CTR and glycerol (GLY) at 170 oC for 30 min. In each case, monobasic sodium phosphate was used as catalyst at 2 %w/w concentration. The cross-linking was demonstrated qualitatively by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (13C NMR) and quantitatively by polymer yield. Determinations of moisture content, moisture loss on drying, swelling ratio, water holding and water sorption capacities were used to characterize the derived polymers. Sub-acute toxicity studies were carried out to ascertain the safety or otherwise of the cross-linked derivative, CrosCCG. Wistar rats were fed with the polymer over a 28-day period and blood samples from the animals were assessed for changes in hematological and biochemical parameters. The purified CG and its derivatives were used to formulate tablets of Venlafaxine hydrochloride (Ven. HCl), a water soluble antidepressant, using the wet granulation method. Increasing concentrations of CG and its admixtures with MCC PH 102 were used as binder/matrix former in formulating the tablets. The synthesized derivative, CrosCCG, was assessed for drug release modification when used either alone or in admixtures with HPMC ER (K100). The drug release vii enhancing property of the derivative was also investigated and compared with some known superdisintegrants, Croscamellose and Crospovidone at 3 %w/w disintegrant concentration. Results obtained revealed that cross-linking of CG with CTR yielded an esterified derivative that was insoluble in all common solvents. The esterification reaction occurred between – OH of the sugar from the gum and –COOH of CTR. While being insoluble, on contact with water, however, the polymer sorped water and swelled. Cross-linking of CG with a combination of CTR and GLY yielded a polymer with improved yield and swelling potentials. Toxicity studies showed the polymer to have no apparent harmful effect on the animals and did not cause changes in the blood parameters tested. When used in tableting, CG was found to form good tablets of Ven. HCl with a crushing strength of 5.9 KN and friability of 0.03 %. Increasing concentration of CG or its admixture with MCC PH 102 offered no added advantage. CrosCCG could not modify the release of drug from the formulated tablets when used alone. Admixtures of CrosCCG at concentrations of 15 and 25 %w/w respectively with HPMC K100 at 7.5 %w/w showed a further delay in release of the drug. Concentrations lower than 10 %w/w of CrosCCG, however, showed a release enhancing ability. At 3 %w/w concentration, CrosCCG surpassed both Croscamellose and Crospovidone in enhancing drug release as observed from a 30 min in vitro dissolution data. It can thus be concluded that, this work has led to the discovery of a safe novel cross-linking process that uses safe and environmentally friendly cross-linking agents in derivatisation processes. Cross-linking CG using this method has led to the production of a powerful drug release enhancing agent.
Related Project Materials
A SURVEY OF CAREER CHOICE DETERMINANTS AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOLS STUDENTS
ABSTRACT
Career selection is one of many important choices students will make in determining future plans; this decision...
THE ROLE OF FUND ACCOUNTANTS IN INVESTMENT VALUATION
Abstract: THE ROLE OF FUND ACCOUNTANTS IN INVESTMENT VALUATION
This study aims to: (1) analyze the critical role of fund accountants in i...
EFFECT OF TREASURY SINGLE ACCOUNT ON MANAGEMENT OF PUBLIC FUNDS (A case study of federal establishment in Ekiti state)
Abstract
The government is responsible for accountability to its citizens by providing effective and efficient services....
ANALYSIS OF THE PROBLEMS OF ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION AMONG YORUBA SPEAKERS, OF ENGLISH
ABSTRACT
Language learning practice often assumes that most of the difficulties that learners encounter in the study of...
AUDITING PROCEDURE AND INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEM {A case Study of Union Bank of Nigeria Plc}
ABSTRACT
This research study has examined all possible areas of the study was conducted on Auditing procedure and in...
A STUDY OF NATURAL RADIATION LEVELS AND DISTRIBUTION OF DOSE RATES WITHIN THE YOUNGER GRANITE PROVINCE OF NIGERIA
ABSTRACT
A study of natural radiation levels and distribution of dose rates in parts of the Younger Granite Province of Nigeria constitut...
EFFECT OF DIVERSIFICATION ACTIVITIES ON THE PRODUCTION TREND OF CASSAVA FARMERS
Background of the study
Cassava is one of the most important crops in Nigeria. It is the most widely cultivated crop in...
COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN THE ACHIEVEMENT MALE AND FEMALE STUDENTS IN COMPUTER STUDIES IN SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS
ABSTRACT
This research work studied the relationship between student’s gender and academic achievement in Computer Science in Onich...
A FORMAL APPROACH TO CONTRACT VERIFICATION FOR HIGH-INTEGRITY APPLICATIONS
Abstract
High-integrity applications are safety- and security-critical applications developed for a variety of critical tasks. The correc...
THE APPLICATION OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN THE PREVENTION OF POLLUTION IN THE MARITIME INDUSTRY (A CASE STUDY OF RIVERS PORT)
ABSTRACT
Over the years there have been stories of notorious oil spillages in the Niger Delta regions of the country, de...
